![]() ![]() Although the models captured well the climatological features of CF, they also exhibited a significant bias in CF reaching up to 40% over some geographical locations. There were no significant differences between AMIP and coupled versions of the model, but the COSP-based model-simulated data showed larger biases. On average, all models have a negative bias in the total CF with global mean biases (MBs) of 2%, 2.4%, 3.9%, 6.4%, 5.6%, and 7.1% for the coupled-CanESM5, AMIP-CanESM5, COSP-AMIP-CanESM5, coupled-CanESM2, AMIP-CanESM2, and COSP-AMIP-CanESM2, respectively, indicating that the CanESM5 has a smaller MB. The simulated shortwave, longwave, and net cloud radiative forcing using the AMIP version of the CanESM5 were also validated against satellite observations based on the recent CERES radiation satellite products. ![]() The CFs produced using the CALIPSO-COSP simulator based on the CanESMs data at their atmospheric (AMIP) configuration are also evaluated. ![]() ![]() In this study, the annual and seasonal climatology of cloud fraction (CF) and cloud type simulated by the Canadian Environmental System Models (CanESMs) version 5 (CanESM5) and version 2 (CanESM2) at their fully coupled and AMIP configurations were validated against the CALIPSO-GOCCP-based CF. ![]()
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